Process by which a base is somehow modified to produce a new lexical item.
Base: form to which a rule of word formation is applied. NATIONAL NATIONALIZATION. CAREFUL CAREFULNESS
Stem: part of the word remaining after every affix has been removed. NATION. CARE.
3 processes of word-formation:
affixation Base + prefix
Base + suffix
Compounding: adding one base to another football
Conversion assigning the base to a different word-class
PREFIXATION
DEFINITION: prefixes are particles which can be added before the base, but which have no independent existence.
AMORAL
CHARACTERISTICS:
They are semi-independent:
Phonetically, the prefixes don´t vary:
Undo /An´du/
Have some stress (but –a)
,de´frost
rarely alter the word-class of the base:
overdone
NEGATIVE | ||
UN | Not | Undone Unfair Unrevealed Unusual |
DIS | Not | Displaced Dislike Dishonest |
NON | Not | Non-conformist Non-stop Nonsense |
IN IL IR IM | Not | Insane Illegal Irreverent Impolite |
A(N) | Lacking of | Amoral Aseptic Anormal |
REVERSATIVE OR PRIVATIVE | ||
UN- | Reverse action | Untie Undo Uncurl |
DIS- | Reverse action | Disconnect Discoloured Discontent |
DE- | Reverse action | Defrost Deforest |
PEJORATIVE | ||
MIS | Wrongly | Misleading Misunderstand Mislead |
MAL | Bad | Maladapted |
PSEUDO | False | Pseudo-scientific Pseudo-intelligence |
OF DEGREE OR SIZE | ||
ARCH | Highest | Archduke Arch-enemy |
SUPER | Better | Superman Supermarket supernatural |
OUT | Better | Outrun Outlive Outgrow |
OVER | Too much | Overdone Overdress Overbooking |
SUR | Over, above | Surtax Surcharge Surpass |
HYPER | Very | Hypercritical Hyperactive |
ULTRA | Very | Ultra-violet Ultra-violence |
MAXI | Large | Maxi-skirt |
UNDER | Too little | Undercook Undertax Undervalue Underpay |
SUB | Less than | Subhuman Subnormal |
MINI | Little | Mini-skirt |
OF ATTITUDE | ||
CO | With | Cooperate Coproduction |
COUNTER | Against | Counteract Counter-revolution |
ANTI | Against | Anti-american Antiracist Antinuclear |
PRO | For | Pro-vietnam Pro-abort |
LOCATIVE | ||
SUPER | Over | Superstructure |
SUB | Under | Subway Subconscious |
INTER | Between, among | Interaction International |
TRANS | across | Transplant Transnational Transatlantic |
TIME AND ORDER | ||
FORE | Before | Foretell |
PRE | Before | Precaution Pre-war Pre-marital |
POST | After | Post-war Post-marital Post-date |
EX | Former | Expresident Exhusband |
RE | Again | Rebuild Reconstruction Regain |
NUMBER | ||
UNI MONO | One | Mono-directional Mono-theism Uni-directional Uni-sex |
BI DI | 2 | Bicycle Bilingual Dichotomy Digamy |
TRI | 3 | Tripartite Triangle Traident |
MULTI POLY | Many | Multi-function Multi-coloured Multi-form Polysillabic Polyphonic Polysemi |
CONVERSION PREFIXES | ||
BE | Form verbs | Bewigged (que lleva peluca) Bewitch fascinar, encantar Becalm calmar Bedazzle deslumbrar |
EN | Form verbs | Endanger Enwrap (envolver) Entwist enroscar Entail |
A | Adjectives | Ashore Afloat Aboard |
OTHER | ||
AUTO | Self | Autobiography |
NEO | New | Neo-platonism |
PAN | All | Pan-american |
PROTO | First, original | Proto-type |
SEMI | Half | Semicircle |
VICE | Deputy | Vicepresident |
SUFFIXATION
DEF: suffixes are particles which can be added after the base to form a new word, but which have no independent existence.
Suffixes: semantic value
Inflections:grammatical value (er, s, ed ing)
CHARACTERISTICS:
Alter the word-class of the base.
Haven´t distinct meaning of his own.
Modify (-ish), or convert (-ness)
TO FORM NOUNS | ||||||||
OCCUPATIONAL | DIMINUTIVE OR FEMENINE | STATUS, DOMAIN, ETC | ||||||
STER EER | Ocupation | Gangster Engineer | LET | SMALL | STARLET | HOOD | STATUS | BROTHERHOOD CHILDHOOD |
ER | Profession Inhabitant | Banker NYer | ETTE | SMALL, COMPACT IMITATION FEMALE | CIGARETTE FLANNELETTE (imitation of flannel) USHERETTE (azafata) | SHIP | STATUS | FRIENDSHIP DICTATORSHIP HARDSHIP |
ESS | FEMALE | WAITRESS | DOM | DOMAIN, COLLECTIVITY | KINGDOM CHRISTANDOM | |||
Y | FAMILIAR CONTEXTS | DADDY | CRACY | GOVERNMENT | PLUTOCRACY DEMOCRACY ARISTOCRACY | |||
LING | YOUTH | DUCKLING NURSELING SEEDLING WEAKLING (CANIJO) | RY | BEHAVIOUR COLLECTIVITY | SLAVERY MACHINERY NURSERY |
NOUN/ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
ITE | MEMBER OF | ISRAELITE, STALINITE | OTHER | |||||
AN | BELONGING TO | INDONESIAN REPUBLICAN JAMAICAN | ING | SUBSTANCE OF BASE | Panelling Shipping | |||
ESE | NATIONALITY | CHINESE PORTUGHES | FULL | amount | Mouthfull Handfull | |||
ISM | MOVEMENT | IDEALISM COMMUNISM | ||||||
IST | OCCUPATION ATTITUDE | SOCIALIST NOVELIST IDEALIST |
DEVERBAL | DE-ADJECTIVAL | |||||||
ER OR | AGENTIVE, INSTRUMENTAL | DRIVER SAILOR | NESS | STATE QUALITY | HAPPINESS | |||
ANT | AGENTIVE INSTRUMENTAL | INHABITANT DISINFECTANT | ITY | STATE QUALITY | FELICITY SANITY | |||
E E | PASSIVE | EMPLOYEE ADDRESSEE | ||||||
ATION | STATE ACTION | EXPLORATION ORGANIZATION | ||||||
MENT | STATE ACTION | ARRANGEMENT AMUSEMENT | ||||||
AL | ACTION | TRIAL REFUSAL | ||||||
ING | ACTIVITY | DRIVING PAINTING BOXING WRESTLING | ||||||
AGE | ACTIVITY | DRAINAGE COINAGE |
TO FORM VERBS | ||||||||
VERY FEW | ||||||||
IFY | CAUSATIVE | SIMPLIFY CLARIFY | ||||||
IZE | CAUSATIVE | POPULARIZE ORGANIZE | ||||||
EN | CAUSATIVE | STRENGTHEN WIDEN DEAFEN |
TO FORM ADJECTIVES | |||||||||||
FROM NOUNS | IN NEO CLASSICAL WORDS | OTHER | |||||||||
FUL | Having | Useful | AL, | CRIMINAL EDITORIAL MUSICAL | ABLE | PASSIVE | READABLE RELIABLE | ||||
LESS | Not having | Homeless | IC | HEROIC ARABIC | ED | GAVING | POINTED SHAPED | ||||
LY | Having | Manly heavenly Cowardly | IVE | SENSITIVE AFIRMATIVE ACTIVE | FOLD | MULTIPLIED BY | MANYFOLD TWOFOLD | ||||
LIKE | Having | Ladylike | OUS | AMBITIOUS MARVELLOUS SPLENDOROUS | |||||||
Y | Like | Creamy Shinny | |||||||||
ISH | Belonging to | Reddish Youngish | |||||||||
IAN | In the tradition of | darwinian | |||||||||
TO FORM ADVERBS | |||||||||||
LY | HAPPILY | ||||||||||
WARDS | BACKWARDS | ||||||||||
WISE | SIDEWISE | ||||||||||
COMPOUND WORDS
DEFINITION: combination of two or more words functioning as a unit.
CHARACTERISTICS:
Occurs among all parts of speech, with the exception of articles.
Spelling:
Washing machine flower pot
Tax-free flower-pot
Toothache flowerpot
Stress:
´black,bird (species of bird)
,black´bird (a bird which is black).
The meaning cannot always be deduced from the separate meaning of its parts.
Quirk hot dog ?
GROUPS
APPOSITIONAL
Fellow travellers
Neighbour kings
Menservants
womenservants
TITLE-NAME
Mr. Johnsons
TITLE-TITLE
Lords lieutenants
Knight templars
SUBST-ADJ
Iron maiden
SUBST-PREP-SUBST
Sons in law, men at work
Jack in the boxes, slug a boxes
ADJ-PREP-SUBST
Good for nothings
Light o´loves
VERB – ADVERB/PREP
Breaks down
Breaks away
Cut offs
Go betweens
Shakedowns
VERBAL NOUN –ER +ADVERB
Bringers up
Lookers on
Standers by
VERBAL NOUN –ING + ADVERB
VERB + OBJECT
Overalls
Afternoons
At homes
OTHER VERB PHRASE COMPOUNDS
Merry-go-rounds
Stay-at-homes
Thank yous
FULL
Handfuls
Bagfuls
Spoonfuls
AND
Whiskey(s) and sodas
White and greys
OTHERS
Nothing elses
What nots