In the 20th, the expansion of technology and commerce, made necessary the existence of an international language (a lingua franca). This language has been English, for several reasons, among them, the economical power of US.
Being English the accepted international language of technology and commerce, the need of knowing the English language grew.
English for Occupational Purposes
English for Academic Purposes
2 ENGLAND AND COLONIALISM
English has been favoured by both Empires to the point of achieving a prominent place among the languages of the world.
It is worth listing just a few of the former British colonies:
North America (between the Mississippi and the East Coast)
India
Canada
Australia
South Africa
Zimbawe
Sudan (anglo-egiptian)
Ascension
Lesotho
Etiopia (abysinnia)
antigua Barbados, bahamas, bermudas, nevis, st kitts, st lucia, st vincent, , martinica, dominica, granada, montserrat, tobago, tortola, jamaica.
AMERICAN SPHERE OF INFLUENCE
American English continues the tradition of the decayed British Empire. It wields considerable authority in many parts of the world:
Western europe advertising
Middle east military and political aid
Far east ” ” ”
Third country economical aid
South african universities.
POLITICAL IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH
English not confined to the English speaking countries.
India: much of the political debate, conducted in English.
Many politicians of whatever nationality find it useful to have English as a 2L.
So political ideas are more easily disseminated from the native English speaker to the non-native English speaker.
Charles DeGaulle, whose English was almost perfect refused to use it in negotiations. He used an interpreter. Otherwise he would be in disadvantage.
On the other hand, Am and Eng have obstinately refused to learn other languages. For example, no American officer nor diplomat in Vietnam spoke any Vietnamese before 1968. The Vietnamese learnt English, while they couldn´t speak French, though they had been a French colony.
Elsewhere in the Far East, (Philippines, for example), English is now essential for political success.
Governments have also realised the importance of English. The former Soviet Union, had its English language programmes beamed across the world. China has a daily English paper.
USA is present in international politics through the NATO and the UNO, where English is the official language for communication and negotiations.
Other means of English language transmission is advertising, music, and cinema……
Scientific and technological publications mainly in English…. ?
BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH
Phonetic differences
Pronunciation of /r/:
In words like for, door, farm, lord,
Br: fricative
Am: silent
Syncope
Tendency to syncope in Br:
Military, lavatory (3 syllables in Br)
Opening sound represented by tue grapheme –o-
Dock, fog, hot, not: /a/
Sound /t/:
Unstable in Am
Metal, matter à medal, madder
Got to à gotta
Twenty à /tweni/
Going to à gonna
/ju:/ à /u:/ (Am)
/stju:dent/ à/stu:dent/
Nasalization:
Soft palate droop while speaking.
Syntactic differences
I told him be here tomorrow Am
That he should Br
One cannot succeed unless oneBr/heAm tries hard.
Morphological differences:
Am gotten (when “obtain”)
Phrasal verbs:
Br Am
Different from different than
Speak to speak with
Check up check out
Lexical differences:
Indian borrowings:
Canoe, moccasin, sequoia, manitou, totem, tomahawk, igloo
French borrowings:
Pumpkin, brioche, dime, bureau
Spanish borrowings:
Marijuana, burro, bronco, bonito, corral, hacienda, rodeo, bonanza, coyote, patio, desperado, sombrero,
Hoosegow (juzgado)
Dutch borrowings:
The aggressive English colonists dispossessed Holland of its North American territories, in 1664.
Cookie, waffle, Yankee, Santa Claus, snoop, dumb(stupid)
German borrowings:
Enormous immigration of citizens of German origin:
Delicatessen, frankfurter, hamburguer, poker, lager beer
New political institutions:
Congressman, state house, land office, lynch law
Obsolescence and disappearance:
Am Br
Radio wireless
Soft drinks minerals
Toilet lavatory
Raincoat mackintosh
Spelling differences
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Br |
Am |
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Colour Favour Honour Labour |
Color Favor Honor Labor |
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Centre Metre Theatre |
Center Meter Theater |
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Programme Catalogue Cheque |
Program Catalog Check |
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Traveller Jewellery Through |
Traveler Jewelry thru |
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Defence Offence Practice |
Defense Offense Practise |
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(non-standard forms) u2, 4, cul8r |
PRESENCE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE SPANISH LANGUAGE
ANGLISCISMS…
In the field of economy
Ticket, marketing, holding, leasing, stock
Woolite
Baron dandy
Close up
Trident
Lucky strike
Chesterfield
Marlboro
Spray, ropa sport, sandwich, cheeseburguer, light
Margaret´s shop
Body shop
Pub
Self-service
Snack-bar
….in the technological field
hardware, software, deletear, formatear, slot, pc, interface, bit, compact disc…….
on/off, play, hi-fi…..
jet, missile, laser, radar,
sports
cricket, boxeo, basket, football, voleiball…..
tv films music
pretty woman, startreck, ghsot busters, et,
evidence, suggestion, solía, scenery (death of a salesman)
lp, single, cd, dj, video clip, fuzz, wha wha
sociological loans:
christmas cards, valentine´s day, papa noel, whistling when beautiful woman,
drugs:
yonki, tripi, enganchado esnifar
necessary loans
no spanish equivalent:
boicotear, taxi, coctel, mitin, sueter, flash
unnecessary loans:
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Planta instead of |
Fábrica |
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Romance |
Amorío |
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Concreto |
Cemento |
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Simpatía |
Comprensión |
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Administración |
Gobierno |
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Rentar |
Alquilar |
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Oriente medio |
Cercano oriente |
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Reportar |
Informar |
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Graduado |
Licenciado |
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Década |
Decenio |
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Versátil |
Polifacético |
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Privado |
Particular |
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Usualmente |
Normalmente |
Snobbery
Hall
Living
Cake
Film
Swimming pool
Spelling:
Unacceptable:
Doubled vowels:
Jeep, meeting, pedigree
Scooter, boom, footing
Doubled consonants:
Cassette Jazz Hippy rimmel hobby
Consonant clusters:
Crack, hockey, show, shock, fútbol, rugby, hotdog, sketch, bestseller
Acceptable:
Same: manager, jersey, transistor, detective, laser radar
Modified for commercial reasons: nesquik, greip, baygon,
Acceptable by addition: bat ear, boicot ear, bloq ear, box ear,
Film ar, pivot e, reporter o, wat io
By elimination: estándar d, flas h, t h ermo, coct ai l, go a l,
Pronunciation
The same
Rockers, espray
Imitation
Beicon, footing, leader, bai bai, sweater
S+consonant
Esmith
Eslip
Eslogan
Non-lexical anglicisms:
Compounds: fútbol club, pepe´s bar, electro-shock (shock eléctrico),
Use of the wrong preposition: por un año, desde hace un año, esperando por mi (me)
Orden de palabras: acción a tomar, curso a seguir, entrada al,
Subject at the beginning: los clubes de fútbol también han protestado.
Pasiva 2: los estudiantes han sido recomendados que…